б) Напишите пять вопросов к этому тексту.
Аудиторная работа № 3
22. Заполните пропуски следующими словами из словарного минимума к тексту Factors of Production: Capital and Labour в соответствующей форме: both… and, to contribute, to employ (2), employment, unlike, variety, purpose* machinery, available, various
1… physical capital, human capital does not belong to the firm that has invested in it.
2. Trade union restrictions do not allow… of youths in some industries and many service sectors.
3. The… of minimum wages is to protect young people from exploitation.
4. Natural resources research in the USA of the 1930s was based on gathering information from a… of sources.
5. The European Union's statistics are collected… at the union level… at national levels of member countries.
6. There are… forms of money.
7. The marginal product or labour shows how much each additional worker increases total output. The marginal product grows as the first few workers are… because it is hard for the first and second worker to handle all the… By the time the third worker is…, marginal productivity of labour starts falling. When all… machines are fully used, each new worker has less and less to…
23. Составьте предложения, используя слова и словосочетания из разных колонок.
A
It is (not)
В
useful
profitable
necessary
important
required
С
for
D
employment and unemployment
businessmen
students of economics
firms
statistical systems
governments
labour markets
E
1. to know that in Denmark young people below 18 cannot be trade union members.
2. to calculate changes in their marginal cost and marginal revenue.
3. to know the contribution of both industry and agriculture to the national economy.
4. to employ workers as long as the value of the product produced by them exceeds (превышать) their wages.
5. to change when political systems change.
6. to be more effective for workers to go easier into employment.
7. to be stabilized for labour markets to be in equilibrium.
24. Заполните пропуски парными союзами both… and…, either… or…. neither… nor… или словом both.
Profits are… paid out as dividends… held back as earnings.
Income differences between nations pose problems… for society… for economists.
Labour force does not include people who are…working… looking for work.
A person can be… employed… unemployed… out of the labour force.
The European Union's experts think that statistics should be available… on economic activities of fanners… on social aspects of rural (сельская) life.
Financial capital that will be used in a business may… belong to the business itself… it may be borrowed from a bank.
Unlike people, machines can… quit (прекратить, оставить) their jobs… decide how much they would like to work for their owners.
An increase in the price of a production factor will increase… total costs… marginal costs.
As their incomes grow, countries like people… spend a smaller share of their budget on food… allocate less to agriculture.
25. Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте каждый абзац.
Production Costs
Production costs are the costs of making factor input into higher value outputs of goods and services. The costs of manufacturing products include costs of raw materials, labour costs, depreciation of plant and equipment, rent, lighting, and heating of factory buildings.
It is important to say that factor inputs can be combined in a variety of ways to produce the same amount of output. One method which is technically the most efficient is the one which uses only small amounts of labour, while another method may employ large quantities of labour and only a little capital. In physical terms, the method which is technically the most efficient is the one that uses the fewest inputs. Economists, however, are more interested in the cost aspect of the input-output relationship, specifically the least costly way of producing a given output.