To achieve the highest efficiency, that is, the optimal relationship between factor inputs and outputs of goods and services, the economist analyzes the relationship between the cost of factor inputs and the cost of output in a firm. In order to determine the cost of producing a particular output it is necessary to know not only the required quantities of various inputs but also their prices. The factor prices a firm must pay in order to buy units of these factors will depend upon the interaction (взаимодействие) of the forces of demand and supply in factor markets.

26. Используя текст, закончите следующие предложения:

1. The costs of manufactured products include…

2. The methods of combining factor inputs are as follows…

3. Economists are interested in achieving the least costly technology of producing output, that is, in…

4. The highest efficiency of production is…

5. To know the cost of producing a particular output it is necessary to know…

Грамматика и лексика:

1. Конструкция «сложное дополнение»

2. Значение слова due и сочетаний с ним

3. Значения слова which

Задание на дом № 1

1. В разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» проработайте § 22.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию «сложное дополнение».

a) 1. We know many newly industrialized countries to have weak trade unions.

2. The developing countries want the rich countries to stop imposing tariffs on imports from the Third World.

3. Economists consider land to be the factor of production supplied by nature.

4. As the prices of fuels rise, we expect their production to expand.

5. Some businessmen think trade union regulations to result in fewer jobs.

b) 1. A rise in the price of a unit of labour will make the firm start using a more capital-intensive technology (капиталоемкая технология).

2. Higher prices for oil make research laboratories work at substitutes for oil.

3. The command economy does not let an individual make free economic decisions.

4. Increased output per worker in agriculture lets more workers be transferred from agriculture to industry.

5. Allocation of additional capital lets a high level of production be maintained with fewer workers.

3. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слово due и сочетания с ним.

1. The growth of labour force due to growing numbers of women workers results in higher unemployment.

2. The increase in the value of fuel exports was due mainly to the rise in oil prices after 1973.

3. The Prime Minister says due steps will immediately be taken in order to control inflation.

4. Economists believe that all governments will pay due attention to economic problems caused by growing scarcity of natural resources.

5. Due to a wage increase, more capital-intensive technologies may become substitutes for labour.

4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на то, что слово which относится ко всему предыдущему предложению и переводится словом что.

1. Employment among young men is very low in Germany, which is due to the government's subsidies for education.

2. The government did not pay due attention to the economists' recommendations, which led to lower economic growth.

3. Some economists expect world population to reach 12–13 billion as soon as 2020–2025, which will require much more non-renewable resources than at present.

4. The consumer incomes have risen, which has resulted in lower demand for inferior goods.

5. Under conditions of food shortage a government might impose a price ceiling on food, which will let poor people buy adequate quantities of food.