e. produced must be bought.
f. includes all people within the nation who are available for work, that is, the working population.
g. sometimes reduce the demand for labour.
h. raw materials and fuel.
I that are not entirely used up in the production process.
j. regularly transfers labour income to the home country.
k. is the result of past investment and its purpose is to generate future incomes.
18. Укажите, в каких предложениях инфинитив является подлежащим.
1. As productive equipment is referred to as physical capital, to buy new equipment is to invest in production.
2. To be effective a price ceiling must be imposed below the free market equilibrium price.
3. To value the US national income fully is impossible as the increase in accumulated durables is not usually counted.
4. To know the quantities of factors a firm will demand, we have to know the demand for the firm's output.
5. To keep the economy as close as possible to full employment is an important aim of the government.
6. To run an enterprise efficiently the manager must have industry-specif– ic knowledge.
7. To increase output with the fixed total cost of inputs means to reduce the cost of production per unit produced.
8. Fixed capital, that is, such durable goods as buildings and machinery, are bought in order to be used in the firm rather than to be sold to another business.
9. To include non-renewable goods such as raw materials and fuel as well as the funds required to pay wages in circulating capital is common practice.
Задание на дом № 3
19. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Trade union organizations vary with the country. Their activities vary from general protection to specific members' advantages for some jobs.
2. Unlike machinery or raw materials, workers can think. Machines can neither leave their jobs nor decide how much they would like to work for their owners.
3. Minimum wages may paradoxically result in youth unemployment because firms do not want to employ young workers receiving them.
4. In terms of percentage of employment the movement away from agriculture into industry and from industry into services is clearly seen now.
5. The European Union's economic policies have to be reformed to meet the changing requirements (economic, technical, political) of the new millennium.
6. It is important to reduce capital investments in the production process in order to lower the cost of production.
7. In the poor countries there is too little machinery relative to the size of the population to make labour efficient.
8. To use more fuel-efficient aircraft is the present-day trend with airlines.
20. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Важно производить конечный продукт на территории страны.
2. Трудовые ресурсы – это часть населения, участвующая в производстве.
3. Труд имеет следующие основные функции: производство сырья, промышленное производство конечного продукта, управление и услуги.
4. Основные факторы производства следующие: земля, техника, финансовый капитал и труд.
5. Предприятие – это единица производства и управления.
6. В начале 90-х годов 40 % трудовых ресурсов России было занято в негосударственном секторе экономики.
7. Повышение цен на нефть в начале 1970-х годов было достаточно сильным, чтобы вызвать немедленное повышение стоимости экспорта топлива.
21. а) Заполните пропуски словами из словарного минимума к тексту Factors of Production: Capital and Labour.
Part of human capital is firm– or industry-specific. This explains why workers are better paid when they have worked in the same… for several years. But when industries decline, some workers may have an industry-specific that has become of no or little… They cannot find…, and at the same time developing industries cannot find workers with the… industry-specific capital. This results in a high… alongside… vacancies.