The use of IoT makes it possible to significantly improve the quality of public transport services, to reorient the vector of preferred use of vehicles in the structure of the transport process from personal to public transport and, thus, reduce the load on the road network. [38]

Systems based on geolocation technologies in conjunction with the Internet of Things have also been widely developed, which allow linking information in a single network about the movement of vehicles, which allows real-time forecasting of the exact time of arrival of the desired object to the stopping point [69,70,71] Wide access for a large number of users via devices connected to the Internet, allows significantly improve the quality of decisions made by passengers on the implementation of a convenient travel option.

An important criterion for the implementation of the development of the transport infrastructure of the passenger complex is the accuracy of the analysis and forecasting of passenger flows. Most of this data is obtained by consolidating information about the number of people who have passed, taking into account the time of day, from sensors located in turnstiles [25,26,28].

The development of predictive analytics systems on the impact of weather events and weather emergencies on the restriction of transport, based on IoT data, allows for early adjustment of the timetable, notifying the population and transmitting a signal about the mobilization of emergency services.

In the context of the implementation of trends for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation and particularly important sectors of the national economy, the Digital Railway project is also being implemented, which is based on the concept of automatic collection of all necessary primary information about the state of the transportation process. Particularly important information affecting traffic safety and requiring operational control can include: the current state of the SCB, the speed and weight of trains, the dislocation of mobile units and their current condition, the presence of restrictions, etc.

The core of the formation of digital railway technologies is the full integration of intelligent communication technologies between the user, vehicle, traffic management system and infrastructure.

The main tasks of using IoT in railway transport include:

– reducing the influence of the human factor;

– development of paperless document management;

– improving the reliability and safety of traffic;

– reduction of the number of workers in the area of heavy traffic;

– reduction of the life cycle cost of railway infrastructure and rolling stock;

– improvement of transport logistics;

– expansion of international transport corridors.

In railway transport, the industrial Internet of Things is characterized by the unification of information collection systems, a cloud platform and a personalized system for the formation of control actions.

There are many functional directions for the development of digital technologies and IoT. In particular, in relation to the railway transport complex, the following can be distinguished:

1) IoT is used in working with rolling stock: passenger and freight cars, locomotives, electric trains. With this technology, it is possible to control their movement and location in order to provide additional services.

The role of IoT in performing the task of optimizing production processes consists of the following functions: