7. Individual incomes come either from working or from property

8. When industries were first nationalized in Britain, many of them after the Second World War, the governments' aim was

a. their international image are of prime importance.

b. someone else's income.

c. to provide conditions under which nationalized industries could not be run directly by ministers, but through boards of directors with a considerable measure of managerial independence.

d. society allocates its scarce resources.

e. which earns rent, dividends, and interest.

f. to make up the gross national product.

g. and which is then transported to and sold in the home market.

h. of the total output of goods and services in the economy.

Задание на дом № 3

17. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The aggregate price level is a measure of the average level of prices of goods and services in the economy, relative to their prices at some particular date in the past.

2. The amount of information to be used in measuring the GNP is enormous, and there are always errors in collecting and adding up numbers. So, aggregate data – the data that represent the whole economy – can never be fully accurate and complete.

3. Material goods and services make up only a part of a person's welfare. Besides, there should be available such costless rights as freedom of speech and others.

4. In the 1980s British workers in the gas and electricity industries earned £20 a week more than the national average wage and earned considerably more than workers in the textile industry.

5. The primary sector together with the industrial sector and the service sector form a chain of economic activities which make up a whole economy

6. They believe there are considerable advantages to be obtained from increasing the size of the enterprise.

7. Due to taxes, part of the income of households to be spent on consumer goods and services is reduced.

18. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Совокупное предложение зависит от рынков товаров и труда.

2. Следует знать средний темп увеличения зарплаты в год.

3. После покупки предприятия в прошлом месяце новый владелец не стал заменять всю управленческую команду немедленно.

4. Увеличение государственных расходов и заимствований (borrowing) оказывает некоторое воздействие на процентные ставки (interest rates), которые будут предложены банками.

5. Модель кругооборота дохода показывает, как, в денежном выражении, семьи покупают товары и услуги у фирм, используя доход, полученный от поставки фирмам факторов производства.

6. Средние прямые правительственные выплаты американским фирмам в субсидируемых отраслях колеблются в зависимости от размера фирмы.

7. Хотя власти США наложили некоторые ограничения на импорт зерна из Европейского Союза, нет никаких доказательств, что это в значительной степени сократило экспорт из ЕС.

19. а) Вставьте пропущенные предлоги, частицы и союзы, где это необходимо.

Economic growth is usually measured… terms… an increase… the real GNP or GDP over time or an increase… income… head over time. The latter measure relates (соотносить) increases… total output to changes… the population. If total output rises faster than the increase… population, there will be an improvement… average standards… living.

The importance… economic growth is… its contribution… the general wealth… society… a whole. Growth is desirable… it lets the society… consume more private and public goods and services (health and education), improving… real standards… living. However, rapid economic growth can also contribute… using… natural resources and adds… environmental pollution.