Существительные decrease и reduction означают уменьшение, понижение, сокращение. Например: A small decrease/reduction in production did not affect greatly the supply of the product.

б) Переведите русские слова в следующих предложениях:

Russia's natural gas exports (увеличился) from 181.6 billion cubic metres in 1998 to 182.5 billion cubic metres in 1999.

There was a dramatic (увеличение) in oil prices after 1973 all over the world.

Inflation can (возникнуть) under a number of conditions.

Comparing 1999 and 1998, real investment in Russia (увеличились) by 1.0 percent.

Inflation becomes stagflation (стагфляция) when economic growth (снижается), but inflation continues to (расти).

In 1999, Russia's exports of oil products (снизился) by 2.5 million tons and exports of fuel oil (увеличился) by 1.0 percent.

Income per capita (снизился) in Russia in January 1999 compared with December 1997.

An inflation is characterized by the (повышение) in prices within a certain period of time.

It is important to (снизить) capital investment in the production if we want to (снизить) the production cost.

In the 1980s the gross national product (GNP) per person continued to (увеличиваться) in all groups of countries.

The production figures (снижались) every three months.

The high inflation (вызвала снижение) in consumption.

A lot of problems (возникло) when the construction of the plant started.

The government (повышало) teachers' salaries twice last year and there was a total (повышение) by 30 percent by the end of the year.

The (сокращение) in energy intensive (энергоемких) operations in the production line may greatly (увеличить) the quantity of goods produced.

25. Прочитайте текст. Догадайтесь, что означают подчеркнутые слова.

Income Elasticity of Demand

Studying the theory of demand we can assume that there is a relationship between price, income and quantity, but this assumption itself cannot allow us to see how much the quantity demanded is affected by a price change for a good or an income change. This relationship varies from one good to another.

One of the most important of these relationships is income elasticity of demand. The income elasticity of demand is to show how much the quantity demanded depends on changes in income if other factors are constant. The income elasticity is the percentage change in quantity following one-percent change in income if other factors are constant.

The coefficient is mainly positive as with the income increased a consumer buys more of most products, and when the income decreases, the quantity demanded falls.

The income elasticity for food in the United States is about 0.2. A few goods such as dry beans (сухие бобы) have negative income elasticities. If elasticity is above zero, the product is called a normal good, if elasticity is below zero, the product is an inferior good.

26. Отметьте утверждения, которые не соответствуют содержанию текста. Приведите их в соответствие с содержанием текста.

The relationship between price, income and quantity demanded is constant for all goods.

The income elasticity of demand shows how much the quantity demanded changes with changes in income.

The income elasticity of demand is expressed in percent.

The coefficient may be positive and negative.

Income elasticity works in opposite directions for normal and inferior goods.

Грамматика:

1. Временные формы глаголов и причастий I и II (повторение)

2. Бессоюзное присоединение определительных придаточных предложений