Examples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defenses can apply to specific acts, such as killing in self defense, or pleading insanity. Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well.

Contract law concerns enforceable promises, and can be summed up in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept). In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: offer and acceptance, consideration and the intention to create legal relations.

Tort law describes torts, sometimes called delicts, which are civil wrongs. Under the law of negligence, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for his injuries from the party responsible. Torts can also involve intentional acts, such as assault, battery or trespass.

Property law governs valuable things that people call 'theirs'. Real property, sometimes called 'real estate' refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. Personal property, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry, or intangible rights, such as stocks and shares. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns mortgages, rental agreements, licenses, covenants, easements and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property, company law, trusts and commercial law.

1.3.3 Переведите следующие слова и выражения на русский язык:

1.3.4 Прочитайте следующие утверждения и укажите, являются ли они верными:

1) Administrative law allows people to apply for judicial review of actions or decisions by local councils.

2) Constitutional law governs the affairs of the state.

3) Constitutional law is used to review the decisions of government agencies, while administrative law governs affairs between sovereign nation states.

4) Contract law can be summed up in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept).

5) Criminal law basically regulates the definition of and penalties for offences.

6) International law can refer to public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organizations.

7) Land law governs valuable things like real property, personal property, or intangible rights.

8) Property law forms the basis for most kinds of land law, and is the most complex.

9) Tort law describes delicts, which are civil wrongs.

10) Trust law applies to assets held for investment and financial security.

1.3.5 Переведите текст со словарем.

1.3.6 Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту.

1.3.7 Выберите ключевые предложения, перескажите текст, используя выражения: «The subject of the text is…», «The text deals…», «The main idea of the text is…», «The author comments on …».

1.4.1 Прочитайте и переведите текст.

1.4.2 Ответьте на вопросы:

1) Why are some people kept in prisons?

2) Which penalty is more effective – an imprisonment or a fine?

3) Who should be sentenced to a life imprisonment?

A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Prisons are conventional institutions which form part of the criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.

A criminal suspect who has been charged with or is likely to be charged with criminal offense may be held on remand in prison if he is denied or unable to meet conditions of bail, or is unable or unwilling to post bail. A criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial verdict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial sentence requiring imprisonment.