By the way, about this, it is important to say that a Wilson camera is used to photograph nuclear reactions. Speaking about the mechanisms of interaction, we can distinguish two types of such interaction, namely:

1. Reaction with the formation of a composite nucleus, this process consists of two stages, while the incoming particle combines with the bombarded nucleus itself, forming a common core, which later decays. Such a nuclear reaction proceeds at low energies, up to 10 MeV;

2. Direct nuclear reactions that take place immediately, in nuclear time, which is the smallest fractions of a second and are calculated based on other factors, one of which is the time of crossing the nucleus by a particle. Basically, this type of reaction is expressed only at very high energies of the bombarding particles.

If the original nuclei are preserved after the nuclear reaction itself, no new particles are also born, then the reaction is considered elastic scattering in the field of nuclear forces, without any internal interaction. Such a reaction is accompanied only by the transfer of kinetic energy and momentum of one incoming particle to the target nucleus, being called potential scattering and fully obeying the laws of conservation of momentum in this case.

The reaction mechanisms were mentioned earlier, but it is worth dwelling on them in more detail. The first reaction, namely the mechanism of the composite nucleus, was first developed and proposed by Niels Bohr in 1936 together with the famous theory of the droplet model. This theory even today underlies the great ideas about all nuclear reactions.

If we follow this theory, then, as described, the nuclear reaction follows in two stages, while the entire process from collision, formation of a composite nucleus and its decay takes within 10-23-10-21 seconds. And it is important to note that whatever the composite nucleus is, it is always excited due to the excess energy that is introduced by the particle in the face of the binding energy of nucleons in the composite nucleus and part of the kinetic energy of the composite nucleus, which is equal to the sum of the kinetic energy of the target nucleus with a certain large mass number and the incident particle in the system of the so-called the center of inertia.

Here it is important to define such a concept as the excitation energy of a composite nucleus, which was formed during the absorption of a free nucleon. It is the sum of the binding energy of the nucleons of the target nucleus and part of its kinetic energy (1).

Part of the kinetic energy due to the large difference in the masses of the nucleus and the nucleon in such cases becomes equal to the kinetic energy of the bombarding nucleon. On average, the binding energy is equal to 8 MeV and can change only with the distinctive features of the composite nucleus formed in this process, but for the precisely specified target nucleus and nucleon, this value is a constant. The kinetic energy of a particle can be anything, for example, in nuclear reactions where a neutron strikes, due to the fact that there is no repulsive force of the nucleus – the Coulomb barrier, their energy can be extremely close to zero.

Thus, the kinetic energy is the minimum excitation energy of the composite nucleus.

And it is from the statement of the presence of a composite nucleus and the existence of nuclear decay channels that we can conclude about the existence of reaction channels. The reaction channels themselves are the ways of transition from an excited to an unexcited state. The type and quantum state of the incoming particles and nuclei before the start of the reaction determine the input channel of the nuclear reaction, after the completion of the reaction, the totality of the formed particles, that is, the reaction products and their quantum state is determined by the resulting output channel of the reaction. The complete characterization of the nuclear reaction is carried out by input and output channels.