As a data transfer format, it is convenient to use the format of JSON structures (Java Script Objective Notation). Its advantage lies in the fact that there is no need to include service information in the transmitted data.

The construction of IoT is associated with the formation of large data flows, which are not always structured. There are two main types for structured data: categorical and numeric. In the first of them, the data is associated with a set of values that is fixed.

Various special protocols are allocated for the interaction of things and users in IoT (Figure 1.1):

– IoT devices (things) and a user device (computer, tablet, mobile phone, etc.) establish a Device-to-Device (D2D) communication with each other;

– the collected data is transferred to the server infrastructure (cloud) «Device-to-Server» (D2S);

– the server infrastructure should share data, being able to transfer it back to devices, analysis programs or users – «Server-to-Server».

The following protocols of device interaction in IoT are distinguished (Figure 1.2):

– DDS: fast bus for integration of intelligent devices (D2D);

– CoAP: protocol for transmitting node status information to the server (D2S);

– MQTT: protocol for collecting device data and transmitting it to servers (D2S);

– XMPP: protocol for connecting devices to users, a special case of the D2S scheme when users connect to servers;

– STOMP: a protocol for exchanging messages between the device and the server, implemented in different languages and platforms (D2S);

– AMQP: queuing system for connecting servers to each other (S2S).

There are three main segments of the IoT technology market in Russia:

– mass market (B2C) or consumer segment: solutions for households and users – pos materials, smart home, banks, etc.;

– market of commercial companies (B2B) or industrial Internet of Things: industry, transport and logistics, finance, agriculture, etc.;

– market of public institutions and state-owned companies (B2G): electric power, housing and communal services, smart city, etc. There is also a so—called cross-industrial segment covering IoT solutions in all areas. [40]

The customer base of communication networks used to be characterized by the number of users, but with the development and increased availability of technologies, most users have several devices, so there is a vector of bias in the evaluation of the customer base by the number of «things» included in the network.

Positive aspects of IoT technology application:

1) The devices in the network are in constant connection with each other, which improves the quality and efficiency of the collected data.

2) The possibility of centralized control of digital information of connected devices and high speed of its output for rapid response is provided.

3) A large amount of data contributes to improving the accuracy of decisions made as a result of their processing, which makes it possible to switch from process modeling to «digital twins» technology.

4) Increasing the speed and quality of managerial decision-making leads to a significant economic effect.

The risks of implementing IoT include:

1) Separate devices are offered on the Russian market,

rather than complex solutions, which does not allow forming a single IoT ecosystem.

2) The complexity of building an IoT is accompanied by a high risk of system error during operation.

3) The scalability of the network of devices transmitting data significantly increases the risk of personal data leakage due to the complexity of monitoring and protecting a distributed network.