AARP – Американская ассоциация пенсионеров (прим. перев.).

Теория, или модель, оптимального поиска пищи (OFT) была создана для количественного прогнозирования оптимальных методов поиска и сбора пищи у разных видов живых существ в зависимости от их типологии. Она создана несколькими группами исследователей и использует математический аппарат для сравнительной оценки. В дальнейшем авторы предпочитают называть ее моделью MVT (аббревиатура от «теоремы критической пользы» Э. Чарнова) – (прим. перев.).

W. C. Clapp and A. Gazzaley, “Distinct Mechanisms for the Impact of Distraction and Interruption on Working Memory in Aging,” Neurobiology of Aging 33, no. 1 (2012): 134–148.

M. A. Killingsworth and D. T. Gilbert, “A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind,” Science, 330, no. 6006 (2010): 932.

F. Coolidge and T. Wynn, “Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes and the Evolutionary Ascendancy of Homo Sapiens,” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, no. 2 (2001): 255–260; M. Tomasello and E. Herrmann, “Ape and Human Cognition: What’s the Difference?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 19 (2010): 3–8.

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M. Anderson, Technology Device Ownership: 2015, Pew Research Center report, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/10/PI_2015-10-29_device-ownership_FINAL.pdf; Pew Research Center, U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015, retrieved on March 2, 2016, from http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2015/03/PI_Smartphones_0401151.pdf.

“Global Mobile Statistics 2012, Part A: Mobile Subscribers, Handset Market Share, Mobile Operators,” mobithinking.com, December 2012, http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketingtools/latest-mobile-stats.

L. M. Carrier, N. A. Cheever, L. D. Rosen, S. Benitez, and J. Chang, “Multitasking across Generations: Multitasking Choices and Difficulty Ratings in Three Generations of Americans,” Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009): 483–489.

J. Q. Anderson and L. Rainie, Millennials Will Benefit and Suffer due to Their Hyperconnected Lives, PEW Internet and American Life Project, 2012, http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2012/PIP_Future_of_Internet_2012_Young_brains_PDF.pdf; Carrier, Cheever, Rosen, Benitez, and Chang, “Multitasking across Generations”; U. G. Foehr, Media Multitasking among American Youth: Prevalence, Predictors, and Pairings: Report (Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation, 2006), http://www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/7592.pdf; S. A. Brasel and J. Gips, “Media Multitasking Behavior: Concurrent Television and Computer Usage,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 14, no. 9 (2011): 527–534; S. Kessler, “38 % of College Students Can’t Go 10 Minutes without Tech [STATS],” Mashable Tech, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/05/31/college-tech-device-stats/.

T. Ahonen, “Main Trends in the Telecommunications Market,” presentation at MoMo mobile conference, Kiev, Ukraine, http://www.citia.co.uk/content/files/50_44-887.pdf; “Anxiety UK Study Finds Technology Can Increase Anxiety,” AnxietyUK.org, July 9, 2012, http://www.anxietyuk.org.uk/2012/07/for-some-with-anxiety-technology-can-increase-anxiety/; Lockout Mobile Security, “Mobile Mindset Study” (2012), https://www.mylookout.com/downloads/lookout-mobile-mindset-2012.pdf.

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L. Yeykelis, J. J. Cummings, and B. Reeves, “Multitasking on a Single Device: Arousal and the Frequency, Anticipation, and Prediction of Switching between Media Content on a Computer,” Journal of Communication 64, no. 1 (2014): 167–192.

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O. Hikosaka, S. Yamamoto, M. Yasuda, and H. F. Kim, “Why Skill Matters,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, no. 9 (2013): 434–441.

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging and the Evolution of Goal-Directed Cognition,” Cognitive Science 30, no. 1 (2006): 3–41.

R. A. Wise, “Dopamine, Learning, and Motivation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5, no. 6 (2004): 483–494; M. van Schouwenburg, E. Aarts, and R. Cools, “Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognitive Control: Distinct Roles for the Prefrontal Cortex and the Basal Ganglia,” Current Pharmaceutical Design 16, no. 18 (2010): 2026–2032; M. Wang, S. Vijayraghavan, and P. S. Goldman-Rakic, “Selective D2 Receptor Actions on the Functional Circuitry of Working Memory,” Science 303 (2004): 853–856; M. Watanabe, T. Kodama, and K. Hikosaka, “Increase of Extracellular Dopamine in Primate Prefrontal Cortex During a Working Memory Task,” Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 5 (1997): 2795–2798.

E. S. Bromberg-Martin and O. Hikosaka, “Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Signal Preference for Advance Information about Upcoming Rewards,” Neuron 63, no. 1 (2009): 119–126.

T. T. Hills, “Animal Foraging.”

P. Pirolli and S. Card, “Information Foraging,” Psychological Review 106, no. 4 (1999): 643.

E. L. Charnov, “Optimal Foraging: The Marginal Value Theorem,” Theoretical Population Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 129–136.

M. H. Cassini, A. Kacelnik, and E. T. Segura, “The Tale of the Screaming Hairy Armadillo, the Guinea Pig, and the Marginal Value Theorem,” Animal Behavior 39, no. 6 (1990: 1030–1050; R. J. Cowie, “Optimal Foraging in the Great Tits (Parus Major),” Nature 268 (1977): 137–139.

Pirolli and Card, “Information Foraging”; T. Hills, P. M. Todd, and R. L. Goldstone, “Priming and Conservation between Spatial and Cognitive Search,” in Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society (Austin: Cognitive Science Society, 2007), 359–364; P. E. Sandstrom, “An Optimal Foraging Approach to Information Seeking and Use,” Library Quarterly (1994): 414–449; M. Dwairy, A. C. Dowell, and J. C. Stahl, “The Application of Foraging Theory to the Information Searching Behavior of General Practitioners,” BMC Family Practice, 12, no. 1 (2011): 90.

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J. M. Fuster, “Upper Processing Stages of the Perception-Action Cycle,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 4 (2004): 143–145.

Термин «цикл восприятия/действия» был введен и популяризован Хоакином Фустером, но концепция Упоминалась несколькими другими учеными, начиная с 1950 года. See J. M. Fuster, The Prefrontal Cortex, 2nd ed. (New York: Raven Press, 1989); J. M. Fuster, Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Подколенный рефлекс можно точнее описать как рефлекс ощущения/действия, так как головной мозг не принимает участия в процессе.

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Quoted material in this paragraph is from Charles Sabine, “Senses Helped Animals Survive the Tsunami,” NBC News with Brian Williams, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6795562/ns/nbc_nightly_news_with_brian_williams/t/senses-helped-animals-survive-tsunami.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, “Breakthrough Research on Real-World Driver Behavior Released,” April 20, 2006, http://www.nhtsa.gov/Driving+Safety/Distracted+Driving+at+Distraction.gov/Breakthrough+Research+on+Real-World+Driver+Behavior+Released.

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B. J. Baars and N. M. Gage, Cognition, Brain, and Consciousness: Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience (New York: Academic Press, 2010).

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P. E. Wais, M. T. Rubens, J. Boccanfuso, and A. Gazzaley, “Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Visual Distraction on Retrieval of Long-Term Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 25 (2010): 8541–8550.

H. J. Bigelow, “Dr. Harlow’s Case of Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head,” American Journal of the Medical Sciences 16, no. 39 (1850): 13–22. See also the Phineas Gage Information Page at http://www.uakron.edu/gage.

H. Damasio, T. Grabowski, R. Frank, A. M. Galaburda, and A. R. Damasio, “The Return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the Brain from the Skull of a Famous Patient,” Science 264, no. 5162 (1994): 1102–1105.

Harlow, “Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head”; reprinted as J. M. Harlow, Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head (Boston: David Clapp & Son), 13.

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W. Freeman and J. W. Watts, “Physiological Psychology”.

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R. M. Sabbatini, “Phrenology: The History of Brain Localization,” Brain and Mind 1 (1997), http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenologia.htm.

B. Tizard, “Theories of Brain Localization from Flourens to Lashley,” Medical History 3 (1959): 132–145.

J. M. Fuster, Cortex and Mind: Unifying Cognition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

M. Mesulam, “A Cortical Network for Directed Attention and Unilateral Neglect,” Annals of Neurology 10, no. 4 (1981): 309–325.

Gazzaley and D’Esposito, “Unifying Prefrontal Cortex Function.”

A. Gazzaley, J. W. Cooney, K. McEvoy, R. T. Knight, and M. D’Esposito, “Top-Down Enhancement and Suppression of the Magnitude and Speed of Neural Activity,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 3 (2005): 507–517.

E. K. Miller and J. D. Cohen, “An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (2001): 167–202.

Левое полушарие мозга отображает правостороннее видение мира, поэтому зрительная кора правого полушария соответствует левостороннему зрительному полю, куда направлено внимание нашего предка.

Gazzaley et al., “Top-Down Enhancement.”

J. Z. Chadick, T. P. Zanto, and A. Gazzaley, “Structural and Functional Differences in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Underlie Distractibility and Suppression Deficits in Ageing,” Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4223.

J. Rissman, A. Gazzaley, and M. D’Esposito, “Measuring Functional Connectivity during Distinct Stages of a Cognitive Task,” Neuroimage 23, no. 2 (2004): 752–763.

A. Gazzaley, J. Rissman, and M. D’Esposito, “Functional Connectivity during Working Memory Maintenance,” Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 4, no. 4 (2004): 580–599.

T. P. Zanto, M. T. Rubens, A. Thangavel, and A. Gazzaley, “Causal Role of the Prefrontal Cortex in Top-Down Modulation of Visual Processing and Working Memory,” Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 5 (2011): 656–661.

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J. M. Fuster and G. E. Alexander, “Neuron Activity Related to Short-Term Memory,” Science 173, no. 3997 (1971): 652–654; K. Kubota and H. Niki, “Prefrontal Cortical Unit Activity and Delayed Alternation Performance in Monkeys,” Journal of Neurophysiology 34 (1971): 337–347.

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P. E. Dux, J. Ivanoff, C. L. Asplund, and R. Marois, “Isolation of a Central Bottleneck of Information Processing with Time-Resolved fMRI,” Neuron 52, no. 6 (2006): 1109–1120.

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A. M. Glenberg, J. L. Schroeder, and D. A. Robertson, “Averting the Gaze Disengages the Environment and Facilitates Remembering,” Memory and Cognition 26 (1998): 651–658.

P. E. Wais, M. T. Rubens, J. Boccanfuso, and A. Gazzaley, “Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Impact of Visual Distraction on Retrieval of Long-Term Memory,” Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 25 (2010): 8541–8550.