Think for a moment: How many times a day do we actually see, hear, and feel the world as it is, without the admixture of our biases, expectations, and interpretations? More often than not, our minds are like a stirred sea, where waves of thought and emotion distort the reflection of the truth. But imagine that there is a way to calm these waves and see reality in all its pristine purity.

"Knowing nature, or knowing agent… is called the mind, and it is immaterial… Cognitive acts have the nature of knowledge because of the basic nature of clarity, which underlies all cognitive acts. This is… the basic nature of the mind, clear light," says His Holiness the Dalai Lama. These words penetrate like a ray of light to the very heart of our minds, pointing to our innate capacity for clear and immediate knowledge.

But why should we, modern people living in a world of information noise and constant haste, immerse ourselves in the study of such subtle aspects of Buddhist psychology? The answer is simple and deeply personal: to gain mental health, peace of mind, and genuine understanding. After all, many of our sufferings, anxieties, and disappointments stem from misinterpretations of reality, from misconceptions that we accept as truth.

Remember how often we react not to the fact itself, but to our interpretation of this fact. The boss frowns – and now a whole scenario about our incompetence and impending dismissal is born in our minds. A friend doesn't respond to the message right away – and we already feel rejected. These mental constructs, often having nothing to do with reality, poison our lives and undermine our mental health.

"The mind is like a monkey jumping from branch to branch, constantly distracted and grasping at anything," say Tibetan monks, drawing an analogy with the restless nature of our everyday consciousness. But in the Nalanda Tradition we are taught that behind this hustle and bustle lies the potential for infallible cognition, free from conceptuality. This is the essence of direct perception, which, according to this ancient wisdom, is of four kinds: