cache: in one instruction – the code of only programs, with the spaced version – the code of the programs and the cache,

because if you do not delete the cache in one instruction, then it will be saved in the layer, regardless of

follow-up actions.

* separate instructions by frequency of change, so for example, if not split installation

software and code, then when you change something in the code, then instead of using the ready-made

layer with programs, they will be reinstalled, which will entail significant preparation time

image that is critical for developers:

ADD ./app/package.json / app

RUN npm install

ADD ./app / app

Docker alternatives

** Rocket or rkt – containers for the CoreOS operating environment from RedHut, specially designed to use containers.

** Hyper-V is an environment for running Docker on the Windows operating system, which is a wrapper (lightweight virtual machine) of the container.

Docker has branched off its core components, which it uses as primitives, which have become standard components for implementing containers such as RKT, bundled into the containerd project:

* CRI-O – OpanSource project aimed from the beginning to fully support CRI (Container Runtime Interface) standards, github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/">Runtime Specification and github.com/opencontainers/image-spec">Image Specification as a general interface for the interaction of the orchestration system with containers. Along with Docker, support for CRI-O 1.0 has been added to Kubernetes (more on this) since version 1.7 in 2007, as well as MiniKube and Kubic. Has a CLI (Common Line Interface) implementation in the Pandom project, which almost completely repeats Docker commands, but without orchestration (Docker Swarm), which is the default tool in Linux Fedora.

* CRI (Kubernetes.io/blog/2016/12/container-runtime-interface-cri-in-Kubernetes/">Container Runtime Interface) – an environment for running containers, universally providing primitives (Executor, Supervisor, Metadata, Content, Snapshot , Events and Metrics) for working with Linux containers (process spaces, groups, etc.).

** CNI (Container Networking Interface) – work with the network.

Portainer

The simplest monitoring option would be Portainer:

essh @ kubernetes-master: ~ / microKubernetes $ cat << EOF> docker-compose.monitoring.yml

version: '2'

>

services:

portainer:

image: portainer / portainer

command: -H unix: ///var/run/Docker.sock

restart: always

ports:

– 9000: 9000

volumes:

– /var/run/Docker.sock:/var/run/Docker.sock

– ./portainer_data:/data

>

EOF

essh @ kubernetes-master: ~ / microKubernetes $ docker-compose -f docker-compose.monitoring.yml up -d

Monitoring with Prometheus

Monitoring – maintaining the continuity of work, tracking the current situation (identifying, localizing and sending about the incident, for example, in SaaS PagerDuty), predicting possible situations, visualization, building models for the normal operation of IAOps (Artificial Intelligence For It Operations, https: //www.gartner .com / en / information-technology / glossary / aiops-artificial-intelligence-operations).

Monitoring contains the following steps:

* identification of the incident;

* notification of the incident;

* localization;

* decision.

Monitoring can be classified by level into the following types:

* infrastructure (operating system, servers, Kubernetes, DBMS),;

* applied (application logs, traces, application events),;

* business processes (points in transactions, traces of transactions).

Monitoring can be classified according to the principle: