(1) A 1986 study of 7,000 recovering alcoholics showed that 3% were under age 20 and 18% were between 21 and 30.

(2) Moreover, the study revealed that the average age of alcoholics seems to be falling.

(3) This ________ worries health officials.

(4) In the past, alcohol addiction was considered a social problem closely related to criminal or immoral behavior.

(5) However, today this _________ is no longer widely held.

(6) Many alcoholics have lived through difficult childhoods, divorces, and professional disappointment.

(7) Even so, these _________ are not good predictors of who will become an alcoholic.

(8) In a recent study, children of alcoholics were found to be four times as likely as children of nonalcoholics to be alcoholics. This ___________ has led researchers to believe there is a genetic link in alcoholism.

Like other European languages, academic English makes use of Latin abbreviations and expressions. You must have also met some of them while reading Russian academic texts, where such expressions are easy to notice, because they are often written in the Roman alphabet. In English texts, such expressions (rather than abbreviations) are sometimes given in italics.

Did you know that per in percent or kilometers per hour is a Latin preposition that originally mean through or by? Per is also used in the Latin expression per se meaning through / of / by itself, and hence, ‘intrinsically.’

Although education conveys important economic benefits, it is also valuable per se.

As this example shows, Latin expressions are often set apart from the English language text by italics.

Did you know that all the following abbreviations derive from Latin? How many do you know? How many can you give the full form for?

e.g. i.e. NB a.m .p.m. P.S. etc. A.D. et al.

Below are the lists of abbreviations and expressions that you may use while writing in English.

Task 9. Read the sentences paying attention to Latin abbreviations and expressions. Check yourself whether you understand/ remember their meanings.

1. The in vitro packaging system developed for recombinant DNA appears to bring the cloning of unenriched DNA.

2. Although knowledge of foreign languages is practically important, it is also valuable per se.

3. History knows several examples when countries were ruled by de facto kings.

4. Chemical processes usually flow in vivo quicker than in laboratory conditions.

5. Mastery of genre and styles conventions liberates the ego of a writer and provides him/her with the tools of self-expression.

6. You may find Errata in the section "Announcements" of the journal.

7. While some scholars argue that conceptual systems do not exist a priori, others think that social groups, within which individuals function, are determined by and interact with prior "systems."

8. To elaborate a new decision, the committee gathered for an ad hoc meeting.

9. For this trip, per diem expenses must not exceed $40.

10. Per capita income is an important economic category.

11. Minerals get their names from various sources; e.g., alexandrite was named for Alexander I of Russia.

Home assignment: Vocabulary in Use Units 2, 7.

Do you always know whether to use a, an, the, or no article at all? Although there are rules to help you, there are also a lot of exceptions and a lot of fine distinctions to be made, so learning to use articles accurately takes a long time. However, to really master article usage, you should also read a great deal, notice how articles are used, and make notes.