A case law may regulate the activities of universities only if it is processed as the act in the form of resolutions or decisions of the Supreme Court, Supreme Arbitration Court or the Constitutional Court of Russian Federation. Under such case law, in particular, the rule of limiting age of head of department of HEI was repealed (the Decision of the Constitutional Court of Russia №19-P dated 27 December 1999 in the case concerning the constitutionality of the provisions of the Clause 3, Article 20 of Federal Law “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education”), it has been possible to enter the postgraduate and doctoral studies of some universities in case of having a diploma on higher education not acknowledged by the state (the Decision of the Supreme Court of Russian Federation №GKPI 99—563 dated 1 September 1999 on the application by S.A. Chernyshev on recognizing partially illegal Clauses 38 and 71 of the Regulations on the preparation of academic, pedagogical and scientific personnel in the system of postgraduate professional education in Russian Federation).

9. Which commercially attractive activities are performed by state funded HEIs?

Letting property on lease, Supplementary educational services, expertise.

10. Is competition law applicable on spin-offs? Is there any case law?

There are no precedent for it yet. HEIs and research institutes have got the right to act as founders of small innovative enterprises only with the adoption of the Federal Law №217-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Russia on establishing business entities by budget research and educational institutions with an aim of practical application (implementation) of the results of intellectual activities” dated 2 August 2009 Prior to that, such firms were in the “grey zone” of the economy, actually outside the legal framework.

11. Does liberalisation of the education market means that in the country universities and member states are loosing their freedom to cooperate and to stimulate cooperation between institutions?

The competitiveness of universities in a liberalized market of educational services is substantially determined by the level of development of inter-university – especially international – contacts. Therefore, there are special sections devoted to international cooperation on the websites of most universities, which show how well universities engage in this type of their activities. In addition, the lack of budget financing (which accompanies liberalization of the education market) encourages universities to open up foreign markets, and this may also encourage cooperation with foreign universities. That is why there is no lack of incentives for cooperation.

However, the same can not be said about the cooperation of universities within the country. Indeed, the situation of competition for applicants is not conducive to cooperation of universities which provide educational services for the same national market. So the news about examples of such cooperation is lively discussed in the academic environment, and such news often become a sensation. For example, news about the agreement on strategic partnership between Lomonosov Moscow State University and St. Petersburg State University was actively discussed in blogs by representatives of the university community in August 2009. As a rule, if such cooperation is carried out, it is based in the framework of the international projects but not on a bilateral basis.

Cooperation of universities in Russia sometimes takes the form of integration (as a result on the basis of several universities is established a federal or a national research university). However, this is not due to market mechanisms, but rather to state control of education. The market does not motivate strong universities to integrate, particularly if they would loose their brand names in case of it. In addition, the integration of HEIs can change the nature of the education market from competitive to oligopolistic one.