c. paid out as dividends.

d. the equilibrium price will remain unchanged.

e. makes it possible for firms to produce more goods with the same amount of resources as before.

f. how much the amount received is greater than the amounts paid.

g. the total demand from all consumers.

h. the old level of expenditure in money terms now buys a smaller quantity of goods.

i. an input can obtain in its use elsewhere.

15. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастий I и II.

1. The syndicate controls prices and output and, allotting (отводить, выделять) quotas to its members, it divides the market demand among them.

2. Boom is a period of increased business activity when a rising demand for all commodities results in increased industrial production.

3. If free migration between countries is allowed, people from poor countries will be able to go elsewhere looking for higher incomes.

4. People working in their own businesses should calculate the cost of their own time spent in running the business.

5. Varying input, the firm can vary output.

6. The work of a farmworker and the work of a nurse are very different, but both are measured in terms of payment received.

Задание на дом № 3

16. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова и словосочетания из словарного минимума к тексту Theory of Supply.

1. The aim of macroeconomics is to examine and explain economic facts for the total nation, such as the total money supply, production, consumption, etc.

2. Profit is the revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used.

3. For each level of output, the marginal costs are lower as the input price decreases.

4. A business needs some financial capital to start the business before the corresponding revenue is earned.

5. If bad harvests raise farmers' revenues and good harvests result in a fall in agricultural prices and farmers' revenues, you may now be thinking why farmers do not get together and restrict their supply thus increasing revenues.

6. Opportunity costs should be counted for labour and financial capital used.

7. European firms (and some from the United States and elsewhere) cooperate with East-European firms.

8. A change in the price of input, price of alternative output, technological factors, and the number of firms will result in a market supply change.

17. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Рыночный спрос – это общий спрос на товар в обществе.

2. Не все партнеры в деле должны принимать активное участие в управлении фирмой.

3. Нелегко рассчитать доход, издержки и прибыли для большого предприятия.

4. Фермер – это человек, который владеет и управляет фермой.

5. Когда цена поднимается выше предельных издержек, каждый производитель хочет производить больше.

6. Даже при нулевой выработке фирма должна оплачивать некоторые расходы.

7. Издержки должны включать альтернативные издержки всех ресурсов, используемых в производстве.

18. а) Замените подчеркнутые части предложений причастными оборотами. Про изведите в этих предложениях все необходимые изменения.

Opportunity cost is a fundamental concept of economics. Opportunity cost is the economic cost of using scarce resources in terms of the alternatives elsewhere. This concept is of value for all economic choices. In every choice the person has to take one action rather than others. For each choice, the person compares the benefits and costs of each alternative and tries to get the maximum benefit.

Benefits are usually clearly seen. The person can feel satisfaction because he buys a car, a meal, a concert, or even a year at college. But costs are more difficult to see. The true economic cost – the opportunity cost – may be not the same as the simple expression in money terms because there are other real costs.